Kera Warek - Tulungagung

Kera Warek

(Macaca fascicularis)

nama lain : Cigaq (Minangkabau), Karau, Cigah, Warik. Ambuk (Dayak), Jibalau (Murut), Bakey (Dayak Beaju); Kode (Kutai); Bakei, Bangkoi (Ngaju); Warek (Dusun), K
suku : -

Deskripsi

Monyet ekor panjang merupakan jenis monyet yang mempunyai panjang ekor lebih kurang sama dengan panjang tubuh, yang diukur dari kepala hingga ujung tubuhnya.

Panjang tubuh berkisar antara 385-648 mm. Panjang ekor pada jantan dan betina antara 400-655 mm. Berat tubuh jantan dewasa berkisar antara 3,5-8 kg, sedangkan berat tubuh rata-rata betina dewasa sekitar 3 kg. Warna tubuhnya bervariasi, mulai dari abu-abu sampai kecoklatan, dengan bagian ventral berwarna putih. Anak yang baru lahir berambut kehitaman. Masa kehamilan berkisar antara 153-179 hari dan umumnya melahirkan hanya satu ekor anak. dan monyet ini dapat bertahan hidup hingga 37 tahun. Perilaku Sosial : Monyet Ekor Panjang hidup dalam kelompok, yang terdiri dari banyak jantan dan betina dewasa. Jumlah individu setiap kelompok berbeda-beda. Di hutan bakau umumnya berjumlah antara 10-20 ekor, sedangkan pada hutan primer bisa mencapai 20-30 ekor. Pada hutan sekunder yang pernah diteliti, jumlah anggota kelompok mencapai 30-50 ekor, bahkan di perkampungan di Sangeh Bali mencapai lebih dari 200 ekor. 

Monyet ekor panjang bersifat diurnal, artinya mulai aktif ketika matahari terbit hingga terbenam, dan seringkali siang hari dipakai untuk istirahat dan bermain bagai anak-anaknya. Dalam memilih pohon tidur, monyet ini lebih menyukai pohon yang tumbuh di sekitar tepian sungai. Tidur berkelompok pada satu pohon atau pohon lain yang berdekatan. Suara : Pada saat mendapatkan ancaman dari luar, biasanya monyet ini mengeluarkan suara yang keras dan melengking (onomatopoeic). Untuk mendeteksi keberadaan kelompoknya biasanya dikeluarkan suara krra! dan ketika mengadakan perjalanan kelompok ini lebih berisik dengan daun-daun dan ranting yang diinjak, dibandingkan dengan lutung. Demikian pula saat berkelahi antar anggota atau juga mendeteksi adanya bahaya.

Ekologi

Habitat

Penyebaran Lokal / Status

Penyebaran Global

Kegunaan

Taxonomic name: Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, 1821)
Synonyms: Macaca irus F. (Cuvier, 1818)
Common names: crab-eating macaque (English), long-tailed macaque (English)
Organism type: mammal

Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) are native to south-east Asia and have been introduced into Mauritius, Palau (Angaur Island), Hong Kong and parts of Indonesia (Tinjil Island and Papua). They are considered to be invasive, or potentially invasive, throughout their introduced range and management may be needed to prevent them from becoming invasive in areas such as Papua and Tinjil. They are opportunistic mammals and reach higher densities in degraded forest areas, including habitats disturbed by humans. They have few natural predators in their introduced ranges. Macaca fascicularis impact native biodiversity by consuming native plants and competing with birds for fruit and seed resources. In addition, they facilitate the dispersal of seeds of exotic plants. Macaca fascicularis may also impact on the commercial sector through their consuming of agriculturally important plant species and damaging of crops.

Description
Upper parts dark brown with light golden brown tips, under parts light grey; tail dark grey/brown and equal to head and body length. Crown hairs directed backwards; sometimes forming short crest on mid-line. Skin is black on feet and ears, muzzle light greyish pink. Eyelids often with prominent white markings, white spots sometimes seen on ears. No perineal swelling. Males 3.5kg - 8.3kg; Females 2.5kg - 5.7kg.

Occurs in:
agricultural areas, natural forests, planted forests, range/grasslands, riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands, urban areas

Habitat description
Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) inhabit a wide range of habitats including riverine, secondary and primary forest, forest periphery, mangrove and nipa swamp, coastal forest, and urban and agricultural settings, in both their natural and introduced range. They have a preference for secondary habitats which have been disturbed by human activity and are highly adaptive to new environments. Occur from sea level to 1200m and can travel at least 1828m in their natural range.

General impacts
Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) may negatively impact biodiversity by eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds. They compete with native birds for resources such as native fruits. They may aggravate the negative effects of exotic plant species by consuming their fruits and aiding dispersal of their seeds. Macaques feed on sugar cane and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including B-virus.

Uses
In their natural range, crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest dwelling peoples. In Mauritius, they are sold to the pharmaceutical industry with a value of approximately US$1500 per individual, and in Angaur, Palau they are sold as pets.

Notes
Natural predators of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) include large carnivores (panthers and sun-bears in Java), snakes and possibly large raptors. Some primate taxonomists consider M. fascicularis to be more of a species group or superspecies, as it has a complex relationship with other species such as M. mulatto, M. cyclopis, and M. fuscata.

Geographical range
Native Range: Mainland south-east Asia (including southern Burma), eastern Thailand, Cambodia, southern Laos and Vietnam, and Malaysia), Philippines, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, and eastern Lesser Sunda Islands).
Known introduced range: Mauritius, Palau (Angaur Island), Hong Kong, Indonesia (Tinjil Island and Papua).

Introduction pathways to new locations
Acclimatisation societies:
Landscape/fauna "improvement":
Military:
Ship:

Local dispersal methods
Escape from confinement: The risk of pet crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) escaping and forming new populations is significant as many people import these animals to keep or sell as pets (Kemp and Burnett, 2003).
Natural dispersal (local): The home range of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) varies greatly depending on the location and whether they are in their native range or an introducted range. In their native range the home range size may vary from between 50 hectares and 100 hectares. The mean troop home range in their introduced range is estimated to be only 800 m² in Mauritius (Sussman and Tattersall, 1986, Carter and Bright, 2002). In their introduced range in Papua (Indonesia) the home range size may vary between 3 hectares and 22 hectares.

Management information
Preventative measures: Plantations of Japanese red cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) appear to provide protection to native birds (and eggs) from the predation and scavenging of macaques. Quarantine measures need to be more effective in places such as Papua (Indonesia) to prevent the range expansion of the current population. Physical: In Mauritius live-trapping has been carried out for export and research. Socio-religious reasons may mean this solution is not appropriate. Animals may become trap-shy. Local communities in Papua and Palau have hunted macaques with some success.
Biological: The immuno-vaccine Porcine Zona Pellucida (PZP) (which causes infertility in females) is currently being trialled in Hong Kong to investigate its use as a population control.

Nutrition
Herbivorous: Fruit and seeds make up 60 - 90% of the dietry intake of macaques. They will also eat leaves, flowers, roots and bark.
Carnivorous: They prey on vertebrates (including bird chicks and nesting female birds) and invertebrates.
Omnivorous: In Mauritius they have been recorded eating bird eggs.

Reproduction
Placental. Sexual. Polyoestrous. May breed at any time of year. They typically give birth to single young, rarely twins, every two years.

Lifecycle stages
Gestation 167 days. Lactation 14-18 months. Duration of oestrus 11 days. Females become sexually mature at 4. Live up to 25 years on average; up to 37 years in captivity. Sex ratios within troops usually biased towards females.

This species has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders

Referensi

Supriatna, Jatna. & Edy Hendras W. 2000. Panduan Lapangan. Primata Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.